RESEARCH PAPER
Influence of 7-nitroindazole and NG-nitro-L-arginine on the anticonvulsant
activity of loreclezole in maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
2
Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
Corresponding author
Jarogniew J. Łuszczki
Łuszczki, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
J Pre Clin Clin Res. 2007;1(2):146-149
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of 7-nitroindazole (7NI - a preferential neuronal nitric oxide synthase [NOS] inhibitor) and NG-nitro-L-arginine (NNA – a non-selective NOS inhibitor) on the anticonvulsant action
of loreclezole (LCZ – an innovative antiepileptic drug) in maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) in mice. Electroconvulsions were produced in mice by means of an alternating current (50 Hz, 500 V, 25 mA, administered by
ear-clip electrodes, 0.2-s stimulus duration, tonic hind limb extension taken as the end point). The anticonvulsant action of LCZ in the MES test was expressed as the median effective dose (ED50 value) of the drug, protecting 50% of animals tested against MES-induced seizures. The acute adverse-effect potentials of LCZ in combination with 7NI and NNA were evaluated in the chimney test (motor coordination), step-through passive avoidance task (longterm memory), and grip-strength test (skeletal muscular strength) in mice. Results indicate that 7NI (50 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant action of LCZ by reducing its ED50 value from 108.9 mg/kg to 60.5 mg/kg (P<0.05). Similarly, 7NI at the lower dose of 25 mg/kg also enhanced the antiseizure action of LCZ by lowering the ED50 value of LCZ from 108.9 mg/kg to 82.7 mg/kg, although the results did not attain statistical significance. In contrast, NNA (40 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated the anticonvulsant effects of LCZ by increasing its ED50 value from 108.9 mg/kg to 137.4 mg/kg; however, statistical analysis of the data revealed no significance between both ED50 values. Moreover, none of the examined combinations of LCZ with 7NI and NNA affected motor coordination, long-term memory, or skeletal muscular strength in the mice. Based on this preclinical study, one may conclude that 7NI significantly enhanced, whereas NNA attenuated the antiseizure affects of LCZ against MES-induced seizures in mice.
REFERENCES (25)
1.
De Sarro GB, Donato Di Paola E, De Sarro A, Vidal MJ: Role of nitric oxide in the genesis of excitatory amino acid-induced seizures from the deep prepiriform cortex. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1991, 5, 503-511.
2.
Przegaliński E, Baran L, Siwanowicz J: The role of nitric oxide in the kainate-induced seizures in mice. Neurosci Lett 1994, 170, 74-76.
3.
Moncada S, Higgs EA: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide. FASEB J 1995, 9, 1319-1330.
4.
Baran L, Siwanowicz J, Przegaliński E: Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and molsidomine on the anticonvulsant activity of some antiepileptic drugs. Pol J Pharmacol 1997, 49, 363-368.
5.
Łuszczki JJ, Czuczwar M, Gawlik P, Sawiniec-Pozniak G, Czuczwar K, Sawicka KM, Dudra-Jastrzębska M, Czuczwar SJ: Influence of NGnitro- L-arginine on the anticonvulsant and acute adverse effects of some newer antiepileptic drugs in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures and chimney test in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2006, 58, 955-960.
6.
Babbedge RC, Bland-Ward PA, Hart SL, Moore PK: Inhibition of rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase by 7-nitro indazole and related substituted indazoles. Br J Pharmacol 1993, 110, 225-228.
7.
Łuszczki JJ, Czuczwar M, Gawlik P, Sawiniec-Pozniak G, Czuczwar K, Czuczwar SJ: 7-Nitroindazole potentiates the anticonvulsant action of some second-generation antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. J Neural Transm 2006, 113, 1157- 1168.
8.
Czuczwar SJ, Tutka P, Klonowski P, Kleinrok Z: N(G)-nitro-Larginine impairs the anticonvulsive action of ethosuximide against pentylenetetrazol. Eur J Pharmacol 1999, 366, 137-142.
9.
Łuszczki JJ, Szadkowski M, Czuczwar SJ: Effect of NG-nitro-L-Arginine on the anticonvulsive action of four second-generation antiepileptic drugs in pentetrazole-induced clonic seizures in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2007, 59, (in press).
10.
De Sarro G, Gareri P, Falconi U, De Sarro A: 7-Nitroindazole potentiates the antiseizure activity of some anticonvulsants in DBA/2 mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 394, 275-288.
11.
Łuszczki JJ, Sacharuk A, Wojciechowska A, Andres MM, Dudra- Jastrzębska M, Mohamed M, Sawicka KM, Kozińska J, Czuczwar SJ: 7- Nitroindazole enhances dose-dependently the anticonvulsant activities of conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshockinduced seizure model. Pharmacol Rep 2006, 58, 660-671.
12.
Smith SE, Man CM, Yip PK, Tang E, Chapman AG, Meldrum BS: Anticonvulsant effects of 7-nitroindazole in rodents with reflex epilepsy may result from L-arginine accumulation or a reduction in nitric oxide or L-citrulline formation. Br J Pharmacol 1996, 119, 165-173.
13.
Tutka P, Łuszczki J, Kleinrok Z, Arent K, Wielosz M: Molsidomine enhances the protective activity of valproate against pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures in mice. J Neural Transm 2002, 109, 455-466.
14.
Borowicz KK, Łuszczki J, Kleinrok Z, Czuczwar SJ: 7-Nitroindazole, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, enhances the anticonvulsive action of ethosuximide and clonazepam against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. J Neural Transm 2000, 107, 1117-1126.
15.
Borowicz KK, Kleinrok Z, Czuczwar SJ: Influence of 7-nitroindazole on the anticonvulsive action of conventional antiepileptic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 1997, 331, 127-132.
16.
Wafford KA, Bain CJ, Quirk K, McKernan RM, Wingrove PB, Whiting PJ, Kemp JA: A novel allosteric modulatory site on the GABAA receptor beta subunit. Neuron 1994, 12, 775-782.
17.
Donnelly JL, Macdonald RL: Loreclezole enhances apparent desensitization of recombinant GABAA receptor currents. Neuropharmacology 1996, 35, 1233-1241.
18.
Łuszczki JJ, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos PN, Czuczwar SJ: Isobolographic analysis of interactions between loreclezole and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. N-S Arch Pharmacol 2006, 373, 169-181.
19.
Łuszczki JJ, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos PN, Czuczwar SJ: Pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic characteristics of interactions between loreclezole and four conventional antiepileptic drugs in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2005, 7, 639-651.
20.
Borowicz KK, Sawiniec A, Czuczwar SJ: Interaction of loreclezole with conventional antiepileptic drugs in amygdala-kindled rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004, 14, 251-257.
21.
Litchfield JT, Wilcoxon F: A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1949, 96, 99-113.
22.
Boissier JR, Tardy J, Diverres JC: Une nouvelle methode simple pour explorer l’action «tranquilisante»: le test de la cheminee. Med Exp (Basel) 1960, 3, 81-84.
23.
Łuszczki JJ, Czuczwar SJ: Isobolographic characterization of interactions between vigabatrin and tiagabine in two experimental models of epilepsy. Prog Neur-Psychopl Biol Psychiat 2007, 31, 529-538.
24.
Venault P, Chapouthier G, de Carvalho LP, Simiand J, Morre M, Dodd RH, Rossier J: Benzodiazepine impairs and beta-carboline enhances performance in learning and memory tasks. Nature 1986, 321, 864- 866.
25.
Łuszczki JJ, Wojcik-Cwikła J, Andres MM, Czuczwar SJ: Pharmacological and behavioral characteristics of interactions between vigabatrin and conventional antiepileptic drugs in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30, 958-973.